There is one more name for that loop

This is in response to Research Reveals The №1 Life Skill That Schools Surprisingly Don’t Teach

It’s called the Cybernetic Loop
And as you mention you can find it in AI, learning, habits creation, game design, or other product creation fields where user journey is present.

What I did not see anywhere yet is that if you extend it with the notion of resources you get a game.
A game which we all are playing.
Game of Life if you may :)

So you have resources, information, energy, time, money, connections etc. There can be many.

Step one:
We use some of the resources and our world model to turn information into prediction

Resources -> Model -> Predictions

Prediction is the set of actions available and predicted outcome of those on our resources. What we gonna lose, and what we gonna get.

Step two:
Based on that we pick an action and get the actual result, which can differ from prediction.

Predictions -> Decision -> Action -> Result

Step three:
Mow we can use that difference between prediction and actual result to adjust our model. So that we can predict better next time. That is learning.

Difference -> Learning -> New Model

And we are back to step one, but with new information, other resources, and an adjusted model.
What we are doing is we are exchanging some sets of resources for other sets of resources. But the better our model is at predicting the outcomes, the better exchange of resources we can find.